DGA White Papers & Technical Reports
Download in-depth technical white papers authored by VA Technology’s engineering team and research collaborators. Each paper represents months of research, laboratory validation, and field data analysis. All white papers are free — simply complete the download form to receive your copy by email.
Available White Papers
1. Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Transformer DGA
24 pages | June 2025 | Advanced
Topics covered: Physical principles of photoacoustic gas detection, LPAS system architecture (laser source → photoacoustic cell → lock-in detection), comparison of conventional PAS vs laser PAS vs QEPAS, IR absorption spectra for 7 fault gases, signal processing algorithms, field validation results (R² >0.95 vs GC), and technology roadmap. Includes 47 references to peer-reviewed literature and IEC/IEEE standards.
Who should read: Asset managers evaluating DGA technology, protection engineers specifying monitoring systems, R&D professionals in condition monitoring.
2. The Complete Guide to DGA Diagnostic Methods
32 pages | August 2026 | Intermediate
Topics covered: Duval Triangle 1, 4, and 5 with full zone coordinates, Duval Pentagon 1 and 2, IEC 60599:2022 Basic Gas Ratios (revised 3-ratio system), Rogers Ratio method with original and modified code tables, Key Gas method with concentration norms, Doernenburg Ratio validity criteria, CO₂/CO ratio analysis for paper involvement, multi-method integration workflow, and 12 worked examples with real field DGA data. Includes comparison of single-method accuracy (42–62%) vs integrated accuracy (89–92%). Collaboratively developed with CEPRI (China Electric Power Research Institute).
Who should read: DGA chemists, asset engineers interpreting DGA reports, maintenance planners, anyone who uses Duval Triangle or IEC ratios.
3. Online DGA Monitor TCO: 10-Year Cost Comparison
18 pages | August 2026 | Business/Technical
Topics covered: Total cost of ownership model for PAS, GC, NDIR, and FTIR technologies over a 10-year lifecycle, capital cost breakdown (hardware + installation + integration), operating cost (consumables, maintenance labor, travel, spare parts, calibration), hidden cost of remote site maintenance (crew vessel/helicopter access), hydrogen-only vs multi-gas fleet economics, and ROI calculation framework with worked examples for 5, 20, and 100-transformer fleets.
Who should read: Procurement managers, asset management directors, utility financial analysts, anyone building a business case for online DGA.
4. Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (L-PAS) for Online DGA of Transformer Oil
50 pages | August 2026 | Advanced · Download →
Topics covered: Physical principles of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (photoacoustic effect, ~15 fm narrow-linewidth laser excitation, zero-background indirect measurement), 9-gas + moisture fault coverage aligned with IEC 60599:2022, detection limits (commercial L-PAS C₂H₂ ≤0.1 ppm), oil-gas separation methods (headspace, vacuum, membrane, vacuum-assisted membrane), system architecture and communication protocols (MODBUS, IEC 61850, IEC 104, DNP3.0), IEC/IEEE diagnostic methods, and a seven-dimension RFQ framework with ROI evaluation. Includes a vendor-neutral comparison with GC, NDIR, and FTIR.
Who should read: Asset managers evaluating online DGA technology, protection engineers specifying monitoring systems, procurement decision-makers building an RFQ.